Submarine Sonar: Principles, Technology, and Evolution

The provided sources offer a comprehensive overview of submarine sonar systems, detailing their fundamental principles, including active and passive modes, and the complex underwater acoustic environment that significantly influences their performance. They explore the intricate architecture and components of modern sonar, from various transducer and array types like hull-mounted and towed systems, to sophisticated signal processing units. The text further examines the diverse operational applications of sonar in submarines, such as target detection, classification, tracking, navigation, and acoustic intelligence gathering. Finally, the sources trace the historical evolution of sonar technology through key milestones and highlight advanced technologies and future trends, including the integration of AI/ML, sensor fusion, and networked systems for enhanced undersea warfare capabilities.